A table is a basic unit for data storage. Data in the table is stored in a cell that is an intersection of a vertical column and horizontal row. The table has a specified number of columns, but can have any number of rows. With DataGrip, you can perform data manipulation and data definition operations with tables. Tables are more appropriate when:

• The user needs to reference specific numerical values.
• The user wants to compare numerical values and not vague similarities.
• The values being displayed are unable to be compared using charts.

Here are two examples of tables:

In designing an effective table, keep in mind the data-ink ratio and avoid the use of unnecessary ink tables:

• Avoid using vertical lines because they make tables look cluttered and therefore unreadable.
• Horizontal lines are generally used to separate the titles of columns.
• In large tables, vertical lines or light shading can be usedful to help the reader distinguish the columns and rows.
• Horizontal lines are used for separating column titles from data values or when indicating that a calculation has taken place.
• Columns of numerical values in a table should be right-aligned.
• All values should include the same number of digits to the right of the d ecimal.
• Left-align text values within a column in a table.
• Column headings should either match the alignment of data in teh columns or be centered over the values.

Crosstabulation

A useful type of table for describing data of two variables is a crosstabulation, which provides a tabular summary of data for two variables.

Consider the following example that shows a survey of what electronic gadget a group of people were likely to buy in the next 6 months dependent on their age.

  Crosstabulation of Age and Purchase of Electronic Gadget (2017)

Age	Laptop	Phone	Tablet	Digital Camera
20--24	38%	29%	31%	12%
25--29	19%	15%	24%	17%
30--34	23%	19%	11%	27%
35--39	19%	12%	9%	30%
above 40	12%	17%	5%	31%

You can see the distinctive connection between the age and the purchase of the electronic gadget.

PivotTables in Excel

A crosstabulation in Microsoft Excel in known as PivotTable. PivotTables in Excel are interactive and they may be used to display statistics or a simple count of numbers. So follow the following steps.

1. Click Insert, click PivotTable in the Tables group
2. When the Create PivotTable appears: choose Select a Table or Range, select New Worksheet, click OK
3. In the PivotTable Fields task pane, go to Drag fields between areas below
4. Select Value Field Settings from the list of options
5. When the Value Field Settings dialog box appears: Under Summarize value field by, select Count, Click OK.

Example: Consider the data that comes from reviews of 25 Ice Cream Shops in New York.

Quality Rating for Ice Cream Shops in New York  Ice Cream  Quality Rating  Price ($)  Wait Time (min)  1  Average  5  10  2  Good  7  6  3  Bad  4  3  4  Average  6  5  5  Average  5  15  6  Excellent  8  8  7  Good  5  0  8  Excellent  6  13  9  Good  6  20  10  Average  6  12  11  Excellent  7  5  12  Good  7  16  13  Bad  5  21  14  Average  6  5  15  Average  5  2  16  Good  3  10  17  Good  5  11  18  Excellent  3  3  19  Good  7  0  20  Average  9  13  21  Bad  4  15  22  Average  5  11  23  Excellent  10  6  24  Good  8  3  25  Bad  6  2